Textiles (hand-woven)

• The production of handwoven textiles largely takes place in informal, home-based workshops, which may not be visible to downstream buyers.¹Final Report on Value Chain Analysis for Weaving Products. Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, August 2015, addischamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Valu-Chain-Analysis-for-Weaving-Products.pdf.  Comprehensive supply chain mapping that identifies all producers down to the worksite level would be ideal to ensure that due diligence approaches can address and support the most vulnerable workers. Supply chain mapping with mid-tier due diligence gatekeeping approaches may further reduce the chances that higher risk materials from raw material producers will enter the downstream supply chain.
• Garment and textile supply chains in general present challenges to traceability efforts due to the inherent complexity and opacity of these supply chains;²Ditty, Sarah, et al., Out of Sight: A call for transparency from field to fabric. Fashion Revolution, 2020, www.fashionrevolution.org/transparency-beyond-tier-one/.  they often span multiple countries³Richero, Raul and Simon Ferrigno. A Background Analysis on Transparency and Traceability in the Garment Value Chain. DAI Europe, 2016. platform.ict-tex.eu/pluginfile.php/1536/mod_resource/content/1/european_commission_study_on_background_analysis_on_transparency_and_traceability_in_the_garment_value_chain.pdf.  and include goods that are aggregated and transformed multiple times in the production process.⁴Follow the Thread. The Need for Supply Chain Transparency in the Garment and Footwear Industry. Human Rights Watch, 20 April 2017, www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/wrdtransparency0417_brochure_web_spreads_3.pdf.

• The U.S. Department of Labor notes the risk of forced labor in the production of textiles (hand-woven) in Ethiopia.⁵List of Goods Produced by Child or Forced Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 23 June 2021, www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods?tid=All&field_exp_good_target_id=5746&field_exp_exploitation_type_target_id_1=All&items_per_page=10.  
• The U.S Department of Labor cites the risk of child labor in the production of textiles (hand-woven) in Ethiopia.⁶List of Goods Produced by Child or Forced Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 23 June 2021, www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods?tid=All&field_exp_good_target_id=5746&field_exp_exploitation_type_target_id_1=All&items_per_page=10.  
• Civil society organizations have identified the presence of child trafficking, mainly from rural to urban areas, for the purpose of exploitation in traditional weaving in Ethiopia.⁷Zegers, Mei. Interim Evaluation of the Ethiopians Fighting Against Child Exploitation E-FACE Project in Ethiopia. Sistemas, Familia y Sociedad, December 2013, www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/evaluation_type/midterm_evaluation/Ethiopia_EFACE_meval.pdf.  
• Labor rights groups have found child labor and the worst forms of child labor (WFCL) in the production of hand-woven textiles in Ethiopia.⁸Tefera, Yifokire., et al. Research and Documentation on Workplace Hazards and How to Regulate Standards in the Informal Sectors, in Central and Southern Ethiopia. University of Gondar, 2013,  www.researchgate.net/profile/Yifokire-Zele/publication/349453610_Research_and_Documentation_on_Workplace_Hazards_and_How_to_Regulate_Standards_in_the_Informal_Sectors_in_Central_and_Southern_Ethiopia_A_Child_Labor_Survey_EFACE_project_Ethiopia/links/603064ef92851c4ed5836c22/Research-and-Documentation-on-Workplace-Hazards-and-How-to-Regulate-Standards-in-the-Informal-Sectors-in-Central-and-Southern-Ethiopia-A-Child-Labor-Survey-EFACE-project-Ethiopia.pdf?origin=publication_list. Boys are more likely to be present in hand-woven textile production chains than girls.⁹Independent Final Evaluation of Ethiopians Fighting Against Child Exploititive Labor E-FACE. O’Brien & Associates International, January 2016, www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/evaluation_type/final_evaluation/Ethiopia_EFACE_feval.pdf. 
• Children in Ethiopia migrate from rural to urban areas, such as Addis Ababa, sometimes forcibly, to work in the production of hand-woven textiles.¹⁰Tefera, Yifokire., et al. Research and Documentation on Workplace Hazards and How to Regulate Standards in the Informal Sectors, in Central and Southern Ethiopia. University of Gondar, 2013,  www.researchgate.net/profile/Yifokire-Zele/publication/349453610_Research_and_Documentation_on_Workplace_Hazards_and_How_to_Regulate_Standards_in_the_Informal_Sectors_in_Central_and_Southern_Ethiopia_A_Child_Labor_Survey_EFACE_project_Ethiopia/links/603064ef92851c4ed5836c22/Research-and-Documentation-on-Workplace-Hazards-and-How-to-Regulate-Standards-in-the-Informal-Sectors-in-Central-and-Southern-Ethiopia-A-Child-Labor-Survey-EFACE-project-Ethiopia.pdf?origin=publication_list.   Sources document that migrant children are the most abused and vulnerable class of worker. They often have less access to education than other child laborers, as well.¹¹Tefera, Yifokire., et al. Research and Documentation on Workplace Hazards and How to Regulate Standards in the Informal Sectors, in Central and Southern Ethiopia. University of Gondar, 2013,  www.researchgate.net/profile/Yifokire-Zele/publication/349453610_Research_and_Documentation_on_Workplace_Hazards_and_How_to_Regulate_Standards_in_the_Informal_Sectors_in_Central_and_Southern_Ethiopia_A_Child_Labor_Survey_EFACE_project_Ethiopia/links/603064ef92851c4ed5836c22/Research-and-Documentation-on-Workplace-Hazards-and-How-to-Regulate-Standards-in-the-Informal-Sectors-in-Central-and-Southern-Ethiopia-A-Child-Labor-Survey-EFACE-project-Ethiopia.pdf?origin=publication_list.  
• Children from rural areas are reportedly recruited to work in the hand-woven textile sector in urban areas by labor brokers, who may deceive children and their families about working conditions and educational opportunities.¹²Beatrice, Giovanni., et al. Sourcing Textile and Garments in Ethiopia. A new sourcing destination. MVO Nederland, December 2019, etiskhandel.dk/wp-content/uploads/Sourcing-textile-and-garments-in-ethiopa-Dec2019.pdf.  In some cases, children reportedly stay in the custody of the labor brokers after their arrival and are forced to perform commercial sex work to generate income for the brokers.¹³Tefera, Yifokire., et al. Research and Documentation on Workplace Hazards and How to Regulate Standards in the Informal Sectors, in Central and Southern Ethiopia. University of Gondar, 2013,  www.researchgate.net/profile/Yifokire-Zele/publication/349453610_Research_and_Documentation_on_Workplace_Hazards_and_How_to_Regulate_Standards_in_the_Informal_Sectors_in_Central_and_Southern_Ethiopia_A_Child_Labor_Survey_EFACE_project_Ethiopia/links/603064ef92851c4ed5836c22/Research-and-Documentation-on-Workplace-Hazards-and-How-to-Regulate-Standards-in-the-Informal-Sectors-in-Central-and-Southern-Ethiopia-A-Child-Labor-Survey-EFACE-project-Ethiopia.pdf?origin=publication_list.

• Hand-woven textiles are commonly produced at informal home-based or small workshops.¹⁴Final Report on Value Chain Analysis for Weaving Products. Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, August 2015, addischamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Valu-Chain-Analysis-for-Weaving-Products.pdf. p. 3; Tefera, Yifokire., et al. Research and Documentation on Workplace Hazards and How to Regulate Standards in the Informal Sectors, in Central and Southern Ethiopia. University of Gondar, 2013,  www.researchgate.net/profile/Yifokire-Zele/publication/349453610_Research_and_Documentation_on_Workplace_Hazards_and_How_to_Regulate_Standards_in_the_Informal_Sectors_in_Central_and_Southern_Ethiopia_A_Child_Labor_Survey_EFACE_project_Ethiopia/links/603064ef92851c4ed5836c22/Research-and-Documentation-on-Workplace-Hazards-and-How-to-Regulate-Standards-in-the-Informal-Sectors-in-Central-and-Southern-Ethiopia-A-Child-Labor-Survey-EFACE-project-Ethiopia.pdf?origin=publication_list.
• Garment and textile production, including the production of hand-woven textiles, entails numerous physical and chemical transformations in the target good, making it difficult to trace inputs.¹⁵Richero, Raul and Simon Ferrigno. A Background Analysis on Transparency and Traceability in the Garment Value Chain. DAI Europe, 2016. platform.ict-tex.eu/pluginfile.php/1536/mod_resource/content/1/european_commission_study_on_background_analysis_on_transparency_and_traceability_in_the_garment_value_chain.pdf.  Hand-woven textiles are also often co-mingled in the market; traders or companies buy textiles produced from a variety of home-based workshops, which they then sell or use in their own production of garments and textiles.¹⁶Final Report on Value Chain Analysis for Weaving Products. Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, August 2015, addischamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Valu-Chain-Analysis-for-Weaving-Products.pdf.
• Hand-woven textiles are part of notoriously complex textile and garment supply chains, which often span multiple countries.¹⁷Richero, Raul and Simon Ferrigno. A Background Analysis on Transparency and Traceability in the Garment Value Chain. DAI Europe, 2016. platform.ict-tex.eu/pluginfile.php/1536/mod_resource/content/1/european_commission_study_on_background_analysis_on_transparency_and_traceability_in_the_garment_value_chain.pdf. Production processes, such as the traditional weaving of textiles, involve an extensive amount of hand work and are often outsourced to the informal sector, often without the knowledge or acquiescence of the buyer company. This contributes to the opacity of the supply chain.¹⁸Fact Sheet. Child Labor in the textile & garment industry. SOMO, March 2014, www.somo.nl/fact-sheet-child-labour-focus-on-the-role-of-buying-companies/. 
• The vast garment and textile manufacturing network is, in part, a response to global market pressures for flexible and infinitely expandable and contractible production capacity.¹⁹Help Wanted: Hiring, Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery in the Global Economy. Verité, 2010, www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Help_Wanted_2010.pdf.  Multi-national brands increasingly require flexibility and quick turnaround times from their suppliers.²⁰Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal and Corporate Supply Chains. Verité, 2017, www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/EO-and-Commodity-Reports-Combined-FINAL-2017.pdf. 

• Child labor in the production of hand-woven textiles is most prominent in urban areas.²¹Hill, Ally. 10 Facts About Child Labor in Ethiopia. The Borgen Project, 24 January 2020, borgenproject.org/facts-about-child-labor-in-ethiopia/.  In Ethiopia, children typically migrate from rural areas in the south of the country to work on the outskirts of Addis Ababa.²²Beatrice, Giovanni., et al. Sourcing Textile and Garments in Ethiopia. A new sourcing destination. MVO Nederland, December 2019, etiskhandel.dk/wp-content/uploads/Sourcing-textile-and-garments-in-ethiopa-Dec2019.pdf.  
• Child labor is most prevalent in the informal sector of textile production, mainly in home-based workshops. There, children are engaged in work at very young ages, starting from around age seven to ten.²³Tefera, Yifokire., et al. Research and Documentation on Workplace Hazards and How to Regulate Standards in the Informal Sectors, in Central and Southern Ethiopia. University of Gondar, 2013,  www.researchgate.net/profile/Yifokire-Zele/publication/349453610_Research_and_Documentation_on_Workplace_Hazards_and_How_to_Regulate_Standards_in_the_Informal_Sectors_in_Central_and_Southern_Ethiopia_A_Child_Labor_Survey_EFACE_project_Ethiopia/links/603064ef92851c4ed5836c22/Research-and-Documentation-on-Workplace-Hazards-and-How-to-Regulate-Standards-in-the-Informal-Sectors-in-Central-and-Southern-Ethiopia-A-Child-Labor-Survey-EFACE-project-Ethiopia.pdf?origin=publication_list.  Health and safety hazards are also most severe in the informal sector.²⁴Tefera, Yifokire., et al. Research and Documentation on Workplace Hazards and How to Regulate Standards in the Informal Sectors, in Central and Southern Ethiopia. University of Gondar, 2013,  www.researchgate.net/profile/Yifokire-Zele/publication/349453610_Research_and_Documentation_on_Workplace_Hazards_and_How_to_Regulate_Standards_in_the_Informal_Sectors_in_Central_and_Southern_Ethiopia_A_Child_Labor_Survey_EFACE_project_Ethiopia/links/603064ef92851c4ed5836c22/Research-and-Documentation-on-Workplace-Hazards-and-How-to-Regulate-Standards-in-the-Informal-Sectors-in-Central-and-Southern-Ethiopia-A-Child-Labor-Survey-EFACE-project-Ethiopia.pdf?origin=publication_list. 
• Child labor is present in both textile and apparel production in multiple levels of the supply chain.²⁵Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal and Corporate Supply Chains. Verité, 2017, www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/EO-and-Commodity-Reports-Combined-FINAL-2017.pdf.  It is prevalent in all stages of the production process, from cotton-picking to value-added processes²⁶Mukhopadhyay, Abhijit, et al., Retired at Eighteen: Political Economy of Child Labour in the Textiles and Allied Industries in India. Observer Research Foundation, 2020, www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ORF_Child_Labour_Report1.pdf.  and the different phases of garment assembly in factories.²⁷Moulds, Josephine. Child labour in the fashion supply chain. The Guardian, 19 January 2015, labs.theguardian.com/unicef-child-labour/.

Cotton is the main commodity used in the production of hand-woven textiles and is grown largely on individual small-holder farms. It may be sourced either domestically or from the international market; this is often the case in Ethiopia, where there is often a lack of quality cotton.²⁸Ethiopia: Textile and Clothing Value Chain Roadmap, 2016-2020. International Trade Centre, 2020,  https://intracen.org/file/ethiopiatcvcr5-2webpdf.  Cotton is then bought by ginners. Spinners buy the ginned cotton to spin it into yarn, which is then either sold to large fabric mills or to weavers.²⁹Final Report on Value Chain Analysis for Weaving Products. Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, August 2015, addischamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Valu-Chain-Analysis-for-Weaving-Products.pdf.  Most weavers are individual workers in small or home-based workshops in the informal sector though some are a part of formal enterprises that specialize in the production of hand-woven textiles.³⁰Final Report on Value Chain Analysis for Weaving Products. Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, August 2015, addischamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Valu-Chain-Analysis-for-Weaving-Products.pdf.  Some weavers may also be a part of semi-integrated mills that fulfil several production processes, such as spinning, weaving, dyeing, and sewing, or part of integrated textile/garment enterprises.³¹Ethiopia: Textile and Clothing Value Chain Roadmap, 2016-2020. International Trade Centre, 2020,  https://intracen.org/file/ethiopiatcvcr5-2webpdf.; Final Report on Value Chain Analysis for Weaving Products. Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, August 2015, addischamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Valu-Chain-Analysis-for-Weaving-Products.pdf. Weavers produce fabrics that can be broadly categorized as either semi-finished or finished products. Semi-finished textiles are usually sold to domestic factories to be further processed into finished textile or garment products, which are then sold on the international market. Finished textiles mainly constitute traditional clothes that are sold in local markets or to domestic traders.³²Abdudullahi, Merima and Gezahegn Ayele. Agri-Chain Analysis of Cotton Sub-Sector in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Development Research Institute, June 2008, www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Agri-Chain-Analysis-of-Cotton-Sub-Sector-in-Merima-Ayele/b2a98f56f4e860c11c9c873d5ef3c8391518485d.  Such traders may also be part of purchasing and selling at the different stages of production between the nodes of the supply chain.³³Final Report on Value Chain Analysis for Weaving Products. Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, August 2015, addischamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Valu-Chain-Analysis-for-Weaving-Products.pdf. 

• 1
  Final Report on Value Chain Analysis for Weaving Products. Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, August 2015, addischamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Valu-Chain-Analysis-for-Weaving-Products.pdf. 
• 2
  Ditty, Sarah, et al., Out of Sight: A call for transparency from field to fabric. Fashion Revolution, 2020, www.fashionrevolution.org/transparency-beyond-tier-one/. 
• 3
  Richero, Raul and Simon Ferrigno. A Background Analysis on Transparency and Traceability in the Garment Value Chain. DAI Europe, 2016. platform.ict-tex.eu/pluginfile.php/1536/mod_resource/content/1/european_commission_study_on_background_analysis_on_transparency_and_traceability_in_the_garment_value_chain.pdf. 
• 4
  Follow the Thread. The Need for Supply Chain Transparency in the Garment and Footwear Industry. Human Rights Watch, 20 April 2017, www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/wrdtransparency0417_brochure_web_spreads_3.pdf.
• 5
  List of Goods Produced by Child or Forced Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 23 June 2021, www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods?tid=All&field_exp_good_target_id=5746&field_exp_exploitation_type_target_id_1=All&items_per_page=10.  
• 6
  List of Goods Produced by Child or Forced Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 23 June 2021, www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods?tid=All&field_exp_good_target_id=5746&field_exp_exploitation_type_target_id_1=All&items_per_page=10.  
• 7
  Zegers, Mei. Interim Evaluation of the Ethiopians Fighting Against Child Exploitation E-FACE Project in Ethiopia. Sistemas, Familia y Sociedad, December 2013, www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/evaluation_type/midterm_evaluation/Ethiopia_EFACE_meval.pdf.  
• 8
  Tefera, Yifokire., et al. Research and Documentation on Workplace Hazards and How to Regulate Standards in the Informal Sectors, in Central and Southern Ethiopia. University of Gondar, 2013,  www.researchgate.net/profile/Yifokire-Zele/publication/349453610_Research_and_Documentation_on_Workplace_Hazards_and_How_to_Regulate_Standards_in_the_Informal_Sectors_in_Central_and_Southern_Ethiopia_A_Child_Labor_Survey_EFACE_project_Ethiopia/links/603064ef92851c4ed5836c22/Research-and-Documentation-on-Workplace-Hazards-and-How-to-Regulate-Standards-in-the-Informal-Sectors-in-Central-and-Southern-Ethiopia-A-Child-Labor-Survey-EFACE-project-Ethiopia.pdf?origin=publication_list.
• 9
  Independent Final Evaluation of Ethiopians Fighting Against Child Exploititive Labor E-FACE. O’Brien & Associates International, January 2016, www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/evaluation_type/final_evaluation/Ethiopia_EFACE_feval.pdf. 
• 10
  Tefera, Yifokire., et al. Research and Documentation on Workplace Hazards and How to Regulate Standards in the Informal Sectors, in Central and Southern Ethiopia. University of Gondar, 2013,  www.researchgate.net/profile/Yifokire-Zele/publication/349453610_Research_and_Documentation_on_Workplace_Hazards_and_How_to_Regulate_Standards_in_the_Informal_Sectors_in_Central_and_Southern_Ethiopia_A_Child_Labor_Survey_EFACE_project_Ethiopia/links/603064ef92851c4ed5836c22/Research-and-Documentation-on-Workplace-Hazards-and-How-to-Regulate-Standards-in-the-Informal-Sectors-in-Central-and-Southern-Ethiopia-A-Child-Labor-Survey-EFACE-project-Ethiopia.pdf?origin=publication_list.  
• 11
  Tefera, Yifokire., et al. Research and Documentation on Workplace Hazards and How to Regulate Standards in the Informal Sectors, in Central and Southern Ethiopia. University of Gondar, 2013,  www.researchgate.net/profile/Yifokire-Zele/publication/349453610_Research_and_Documentation_on_Workplace_Hazards_and_How_to_Regulate_Standards_in_the_Informal_Sectors_in_Central_and_Southern_Ethiopia_A_Child_Labor_Survey_EFACE_project_Ethiopia/links/603064ef92851c4ed5836c22/Research-and-Documentation-on-Workplace-Hazards-and-How-to-Regulate-Standards-in-the-Informal-Sectors-in-Central-and-Southern-Ethiopia-A-Child-Labor-Survey-EFACE-project-Ethiopia.pdf?origin=publication_list.  
• 12
  Beatrice, Giovanni., et al. Sourcing Textile and Garments in Ethiopia. A new sourcing destination. MVO Nederland, December 2019, etiskhandel.dk/wp-content/uploads/Sourcing-textile-and-garments-in-ethiopa-Dec2019.pdf. 
• 13
  Tefera, Yifokire., et al. Research and Documentation on Workplace Hazards and How to Regulate Standards in the Informal Sectors, in Central and Southern Ethiopia. University of Gondar, 2013,  www.researchgate.net/profile/Yifokire-Zele/publication/349453610_Research_and_Documentation_on_Workplace_Hazards_and_How_to_Regulate_Standards_in_the_Informal_Sectors_in_Central_and_Southern_Ethiopia_A_Child_Labor_Survey_EFACE_project_Ethiopia/links/603064ef92851c4ed5836c22/Research-and-Documentation-on-Workplace-Hazards-and-How-to-Regulate-Standards-in-the-Informal-Sectors-in-Central-and-Southern-Ethiopia-A-Child-Labor-Survey-EFACE-project-Ethiopia.pdf?origin=publication_list.
• 14
  Final Report on Value Chain Analysis for Weaving Products. Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, August 2015, addischamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Valu-Chain-Analysis-for-Weaving-Products.pdf. p. 3; Tefera, Yifokire., et al. Research and Documentation on Workplace Hazards and How to Regulate Standards in the Informal Sectors, in Central and Southern Ethiopia. University of Gondar, 2013,  www.researchgate.net/profile/Yifokire-Zele/publication/349453610_Research_and_Documentation_on_Workplace_Hazards_and_How_to_Regulate_Standards_in_the_Informal_Sectors_in_Central_and_Southern_Ethiopia_A_Child_Labor_Survey_EFACE_project_Ethiopia/links/603064ef92851c4ed5836c22/Research-and-Documentation-on-Workplace-Hazards-and-How-to-Regulate-Standards-in-the-Informal-Sectors-in-Central-and-Southern-Ethiopia-A-Child-Labor-Survey-EFACE-project-Ethiopia.pdf?origin=publication_list.
• 15
  Richero, Raul and Simon Ferrigno. A Background Analysis on Transparency and Traceability in the Garment Value Chain. DAI Europe, 2016. platform.ict-tex.eu/pluginfile.php/1536/mod_resource/content/1/european_commission_study_on_background_analysis_on_transparency_and_traceability_in_the_garment_value_chain.pdf. 
• 16
  Final Report on Value Chain Analysis for Weaving Products. Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, August 2015, addischamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Valu-Chain-Analysis-for-Weaving-Products.pdf.
• 17
  Richero, Raul and Simon Ferrigno. A Background Analysis on Transparency and Traceability in the Garment Value Chain. DAI Europe, 2016. platform.ict-tex.eu/pluginfile.php/1536/mod_resource/content/1/european_commission_study_on_background_analysis_on_transparency_and_traceability_in_the_garment_value_chain.pdf.
• 18
  Fact Sheet. Child Labor in the textile & garment industry. SOMO, March 2014, www.somo.nl/fact-sheet-child-labour-focus-on-the-role-of-buying-companies/. 
• 19
  Help Wanted: Hiring, Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery in the Global Economy. Verité, 2010, www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Help_Wanted_2010.pdf. 
• 20
  Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal and Corporate Supply Chains. Verité, 2017, www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/EO-and-Commodity-Reports-Combined-FINAL-2017.pdf. 
• 21
  Hill, Ally. 10 Facts About Child Labor in Ethiopia. The Borgen Project, 24 January 2020, borgenproject.org/facts-about-child-labor-in-ethiopia/. 
• 22
  Beatrice, Giovanni., et al. Sourcing Textile and Garments in Ethiopia. A new sourcing destination. MVO Nederland, December 2019, etiskhandel.dk/wp-content/uploads/Sourcing-textile-and-garments-in-ethiopa-Dec2019.pdf.  
• 23
  Tefera, Yifokire., et al. Research and Documentation on Workplace Hazards and How to Regulate Standards in the Informal Sectors, in Central and Southern Ethiopia. University of Gondar, 2013,  www.researchgate.net/profile/Yifokire-Zele/publication/349453610_Research_and_Documentation_on_Workplace_Hazards_and_How_to_Regulate_Standards_in_the_Informal_Sectors_in_Central_and_Southern_Ethiopia_A_Child_Labor_Survey_EFACE_project_Ethiopia/links/603064ef92851c4ed5836c22/Research-and-Documentation-on-Workplace-Hazards-and-How-to-Regulate-Standards-in-the-Informal-Sectors-in-Central-and-Southern-Ethiopia-A-Child-Labor-Survey-EFACE-project-Ethiopia.pdf?origin=publication_list. 
• 24
  Tefera, Yifokire., et al. Research and Documentation on Workplace Hazards and How to Regulate Standards in the Informal Sectors, in Central and Southern Ethiopia. University of Gondar, 2013,  www.researchgate.net/profile/Yifokire-Zele/publication/349453610_Research_and_Documentation_on_Workplace_Hazards_and_How_to_Regulate_Standards_in_the_Informal_Sectors_in_Central_and_Southern_Ethiopia_A_Child_Labor_Survey_EFACE_project_Ethiopia/links/603064ef92851c4ed5836c22/Research-and-Documentation-on-Workplace-Hazards-and-How-to-Regulate-Standards-in-the-Informal-Sectors-in-Central-and-Southern-Ethiopia-A-Child-Labor-Survey-EFACE-project-Ethiopia.pdf?origin=publication_list. 
• 25
  Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal and Corporate Supply Chains. Verité, 2017, www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/EO-and-Commodity-Reports-Combined-FINAL-2017.pdf. 
• 26
  Mukhopadhyay, Abhijit, et al., Retired at Eighteen: Political Economy of Child Labour in the Textiles and Allied Industries in India. Observer Research Foundation, 2020, www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ORF_Child_Labour_Report1.pdf. 
• 27
  Moulds, Josephine. Child labour in the fashion supply chain. The Guardian, 19 January 2015, labs.theguardian.com/unicef-child-labour/.
• 28
  Ethiopia: Textile and Clothing Value Chain Roadmap, 2016-2020. International Trade Centre, 2020,  https://intracen.org/file/ethiopiatcvcr5-2webpdf. 
• 29
  Final Report on Value Chain Analysis for Weaving Products. Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, August 2015, addischamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Valu-Chain-Analysis-for-Weaving-Products.pdf. 
• 30
  Final Report on Value Chain Analysis for Weaving Products. Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, August 2015, addischamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Valu-Chain-Analysis-for-Weaving-Products.pdf. 
• 31
  Ethiopia: Textile and Clothing Value Chain Roadmap, 2016-2020. International Trade Centre, 2020,  https://intracen.org/file/ethiopiatcvcr5-2webpdf.; Final Report on Value Chain Analysis for Weaving Products. Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, August 2015, addischamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Valu-Chain-Analysis-for-Weaving-Products.pdf.
• 32
  Abdudullahi, Merima and Gezahegn Ayele. Agri-Chain Analysis of Cotton Sub-Sector in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Development Research Institute, June 2008, www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Agri-Chain-Analysis-of-Cotton-Sub-Sector-in-Merima-Ayele/b2a98f56f4e860c11c9c873d5ef3c8391518485d. 
• 33
  Final Report on Value Chain Analysis for Weaving Products. Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, August 2015, addischamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Valu-Chain-Analysis-for-Weaving-Products.pdf. 
• 34
  List of exporters for the selected product in 2021. Product: 5111 Woven fabrics of carded wool or of carded fine animal hair (excluding fabrics for technical use of heading 5911). ITC Trade Map, 2021, www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct.aspx?nvpm=1%7c%7c%7c%7c%7c5111%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1 .
• 35
  List of exporters for the selected product in 2021. Product: 5208 Woven fabrics of cotton, containing >=85% by weight and weighing <=200 g/m2. ITC Trade Map, 2021, www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct.aspx?nvpm=1%7c%7c%7c%7c%7c5208%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1 .
• 36
  List of exporters for the selected product in 2021. Product: 5209 Woven fabrics of cotton, containing >=85% cotton by weight and weighing <200g/m2). ITC Trade Map, 2021, www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct.aspx?nvpm=1%7c%7c%7c%7c%7c5209%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1 .