Carpets

• Labor risk in carpet production can be associated with the production of inputs such as cotton, wool, and silk, as well as with the weaving and production of the rugs themselves. Robust due diligence and traceability efforts should acknowledge risk in the raw materials as well as production assembly. As carpet production has modernized, it is more common to see raw materials value chains crossing international borders.
• Upstream weavers in carpet supply chains are often small, informal, and dispersed. In some countries, subcontracted production can be “mobile,” with looms and workers moved between households.¹Shuja, A.  “They Bear All the Pain” – Hazardous Child Labor in Afghanistan. Human Rights Watch, 14 July 2016, www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/15/they-bear-all-pain/hazardous-child-labor-afghanistan. The prevalence of informal household weavers in carpet production can make traceability more difficult, while simultaneously representing a high degree of labor rights risks, particularly for child labor.²Shuja, A. “They Bear All the Pain” – Hazardous Child Labor in Afghanistan. Human Rights Watch, 14 July 2016, www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/15/they-bear-all-pain/hazardous-child-labor-afghanistan. Supply chain mapping approaches, working backwards from Tier 1 suppliers, can enable some visibility into upstream worksites and allow for more targeted assessments of labor conditions at those sites. Due to the presence of vulnerable migrant families involved in supply chains in many areas, any on-site labor assessments must be culturally sensitive and incorporate an understanding of unethical recruitment dynamics.
• In the Xinjiang region of China, carpet manufacturing has been associated with government-imposed forced labor. In such cases where production in a region is tightly linked to systemic factors and due diligence at the worksite is not feasible, traceability systems should allow downstream buyers to screen out materials from the high-risk region.

• The U.S. Department of Labor has cited the risk of forced labor in the production of carpets in India, Nepal, and Pakistan.³List of Goods Produced by Child or Forced Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 28 September 2022, www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods?tid=All&field_exp_good_target_id=5757&field_exp_exploitation_type_target_id_1=All&items_per_page=10. The U.S. Department of State has identified a risk of human trafficking connected with carpet production in Afghanistan, India (Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh states), Nepal, and Pakistan.⁴2022 Trafficking in Persons Report, U.S. Department of State, 19 July 2022, www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/337308-2022-TIP-REPORT-inaccessible.pdf. They have also linked the production of carpets in China to the forced labor of Uyghur Muslims in the Xinjiang region of China.⁵2022 Trafficking in Persons Report, U.S. Department of State, 19 July 2022, www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/337308-2022-TIP-REPORT-inaccessible.pdf.
• The U.S. Department of Labor has reported child labor in carpet production in Afghanistan, India, Iran, Nepal, and Pakistan.⁶List of Goods Produced by Child or Forced Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 28 September 2022, www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods?tid=All&field_exp_good_target_id=5757&field_exp_exploitation_type_target_id_1=All&items_per_page=10.
• There are reports from other sources of forced labor in carpet production in India⁷Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/. and Pakistan.⁸Nasir, Z. M., A rapid assessment of bonded labour in the carpet industry of Pakistan. International Labour Office, March 2004, www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—declaration/documents/publication/wcms_082029.pdf.
• Other sources have identified child labor in the carpet industries of Pakistan,⁹Hansen, A., Diego, P. Children Working in the Carpet industry of Pakistan: Prevalence and Conditions. ICF International and United States Department of Labor, May 2012 www.ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/79398/ILAB_Prevalence_and_Conditions_Pakistan.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. India,¹⁰Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/. Nepal,¹¹Balch, O. “10,000 children estimated to work in Nepal’s carpet industry,” The Guardian, 20 November 2014, www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/nov/20/10000-children-estimated-to-work-in-nepals-carpet-industry. and Afghanistan.¹²Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet. Carpet production often involves child laborers due to the home-based nature of production and the relatively low physical demand.¹³Shuja, A. “They Bear All the Pain” – Hazardous Child Labor in Afghanistan. Human Rights Watch, 14 July 2016, www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/15/they-bear-all-pain/hazardous-child-labor-afghanistan.
• Many workers in large carpet factories in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh in India are migrants from northern provinces, or they have been trafficked from other Indian States, such as West Bengal, and they live and work in the factories.¹⁴Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/. In Pakistan, many child workers in the carpet weaving industry have migrated from different areas, either with their families or in search of work.¹⁵Hansen, A., Diego, P. Children Working in the Carpet industry of Pakistan: Prevalence and Conditions. ICF International and United States Department of Labor, May 2012, www.ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/79398/ILAB_Prevalence_and_Conditions_Pakistan.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Displaced Afghani families, forced to migrate to different provinces in Afghanistan or neighbouring countries due to decades of conflict in the country, often reproduce traditional carpet weaving practices in their new location.¹⁶Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet. In China, it has been reported that Uyghur Muslims are forced to migrate to internment camps and are then moved to work in carpet factories in the Xinjiang province.¹⁷Buckley, C., Ramzy, A. “China’s Detention Camps for Muslims Turn to Forced Labor,” The New York Times, 16 December 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/12/16/world/asia/xinjiang-china-forced-labor-camps-uighurs.html.
• There is a documented presence of vulnerable workers in the production of carpets in China as it has been linked to forced labor of the Uyghur population in the Xinjiang region under the government’s internment programs.¹⁸Buckley, C., Ramzy, A. “China’s Detention Camps for Muslims Turn to Forced Labor,” The New York Times, 16 December 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/12/16/world/asia/xinjiang-china-forced-labor-camps-uighurs.html.
• Labor agents work in the carpet industry in India. They recruit families and individuals to migrate to carpet producing hubs, such as Panipat, with promises of reasonable wages and working hours.¹⁹Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/.

• Carpet production involves large numbers of informal, household sites with looms placed inside homes.²⁰Shuja, A.  “They Bear All the Pain” – Hazardous Child Labor in Afghanistan. Human Rights Watch, 14 July 2016, www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/15/they-bear-all-pain/hazardous-child-labor-afghanistan.
• There is an aggregation of internationally imported and domestically produced wool and thread used in carpet production.²¹Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet.
• There are many layers of subcontracting within the carpet supply chain. There is often a lot of movement of looms and workers between households, making the supply chain complex and difficult to trace.²²Shuja, A.  “They Bear All the Pain” – Hazardous Child Labor in Afghanistan. Human Rights Watch, 14 July 2016, www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/15/they-bear-all-pain/hazardous-child-labor-afghanistan. Retailers and exporters do not directly interact with household producers.²³Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet. There is also a reliance on international supply chains with part-finished carpets being finished in factories abroad for the purpose of cost-effectiveness.²⁴Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet.
• There is a high degree of flexibility in procurement because carpet weaving is very widely practised, so the supply of carpets often outstrips demand.²⁵Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet. Therefore, middlemen can draw on a broad network of carpet producers in order to supply their exporter.²⁶Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet. If one household falls behind on production, middlemen can source from another household, putting significant pressure on households to maintain production levels.²⁷Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet.

• The risk of child labor is strongly associated with household production.²⁸Shuja, A.  “They Bear All the Pain”- Hazardous Child Labor in Afghanistan. Human Rights Watch, 14 July 2016, www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/15/they-bear-all-pain/hazardous-child-labor-afghanistan. In India, households are forced into a position of debt bondage from advance payments for carpet production, forcing families to rely on every member, including children, to meet their production quota.²⁹Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/.
• There is a risk of forced and child labor associated with the production of upstream goods, such as thread/yarn and silk thread.³⁰List of Goods Produced by Child or Forced Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 23 June 2021, www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods?tid=All&field_exp_good_target_id=5757&field_exp_exploitation_type_target_id_1=All&items_per_page=10.

Carpet production begins with the acquisition of silk, wool thread, and chemical or natural dyes, either through imports or domestic production.³¹Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet. Input traders sell these products directly to weavers or middlemen.³²Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet. Weavers can be individual rural households or factories in urban centers; this stage of production is fragmented and can be easily relocated.³³Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/. Middlemen, who exist between contractors and weavers, oversee weaving production, distribute remuneration, and can also weave carpets themselves.³⁴Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/. The middlemen transport carpets to contractors and exporters.³⁵Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/. Contractors and loom owners receive carpet orders from exporters and purchasing agents, and then either contract with weavers using the looms owned by the contractors themselves or with household weavers via middlemen.³⁶Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/. The contractors then transport the carpets to a finisher or exporter, who performs chemical washings of the carpet before selling the carpets to either the domestic market and domestic retailers or to traders that move the carpets into the international market.³⁷Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/; Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet.

• 1
  Shuja, A.  “They Bear All the Pain” – Hazardous Child Labor in Afghanistan. Human Rights Watch, 14 July 2016, www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/15/they-bear-all-pain/hazardous-child-labor-afghanistan.
• 2
  Shuja, A. “They Bear All the Pain” – Hazardous Child Labor in Afghanistan. Human Rights Watch, 14 July 2016, www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/15/they-bear-all-pain/hazardous-child-labor-afghanistan.
• 3
  List of Goods Produced by Child or Forced Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 28 September 2022, www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods?tid=All&field_exp_good_target_id=5757&field_exp_exploitation_type_target_id_1=All&items_per_page=10.
• 4
  2022 Trafficking in Persons Report, U.S. Department of State, 19 July 2022, www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/337308-2022-TIP-REPORT-inaccessible.pdf.
• 5
  2022 Trafficking in Persons Report, U.S. Department of State, 19 July 2022, www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/337308-2022-TIP-REPORT-inaccessible.pdf.
• 6
  List of Goods Produced by Child or Forced Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 28 September 2022, www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods?tid=All&field_exp_good_target_id=5757&field_exp_exploitation_type_target_id_1=All&items_per_page=10.
• 7
  Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/.
• 8
  Nasir, Z. M., A rapid assessment of bonded labour in the carpet industry of Pakistan. International Labour Office, March 2004, www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—declaration/documents/publication/wcms_082029.pdf.
• 9
  Hansen, A., Diego, P. Children Working in the Carpet industry of Pakistan: Prevalence and Conditions. ICF International and United States Department of Labor, May 2012 www.ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/79398/ILAB_Prevalence_and_Conditions_Pakistan.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
• 10
  Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/.
• 11
  Balch, O. “10,000 children estimated to work in Nepal’s carpet industry,” The Guardian, 20 November 2014, www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/nov/20/10000-children-estimated-to-work-in-nepals-carpet-industry.
• 12
  Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet.
• 13
  Shuja, A. “They Bear All the Pain” – Hazardous Child Labor in Afghanistan. Human Rights Watch, 14 July 2016, www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/15/they-bear-all-pain/hazardous-child-labor-afghanistan.
• 14
  Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/.
• 15
  Hansen, A., Diego, P. Children Working in the Carpet industry of Pakistan: Prevalence and Conditions. ICF International and United States Department of Labor, May 2012, www.ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/79398/ILAB_Prevalence_and_Conditions_Pakistan.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
• 16
  Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet.
• 17
  Buckley, C., Ramzy, A. “China’s Detention Camps for Muslims Turn to Forced Labor,” The New York Times, 16 December 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/12/16/world/asia/xinjiang-china-forced-labor-camps-uighurs.html.
• 18
  Buckley, C., Ramzy, A. “China’s Detention Camps for Muslims Turn to Forced Labor,” The New York Times, 16 December 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/12/16/world/asia/xinjiang-china-forced-labor-camps-uighurs.html.
• 19
  Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/.
• 20
  Shuja, A.  “They Bear All the Pain” – Hazardous Child Labor in Afghanistan. Human Rights Watch, 14 July 2016, www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/15/they-bear-all-pain/hazardous-child-labor-afghanistan.
• 21
  Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet.
• 22
  Shuja, A.  “They Bear All the Pain” – Hazardous Child Labor in Afghanistan. Human Rights Watch, 14 July 2016, www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/15/they-bear-all-pain/hazardous-child-labor-afghanistan.
• 23
  Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet.
• 24
  Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet.
• 25
  Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet.
• 26
  Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet.
• 27
  Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet.
• 28
  Shuja, A.  “They Bear All the Pain”- Hazardous Child Labor in Afghanistan. Human Rights Watch, 14 July 2016, www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/15/they-bear-all-pain/hazardous-child-labor-afghanistan.
• 29
  Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/.
• 30
  List of Goods Produced by Child or Forced Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 23 June 2021, www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods?tid=All&field_exp_good_target_id=5757&field_exp_exploitation_type_target_id_1=All&items_per_page=10.
• 31
  Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet.
• 32
  Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet.
• 33
  Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/.
• 34
  Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/.
• 35
  Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/.
• 36
  Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/.
• 37
  Kara, S. “Tainted Carpets: Slavery and Child Labor in India’s Hand-Made Carpet Sector,” FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, 2014, fxb.harvard.edu/2014/01/28/tainted-carpets-report/; Ties that bind: Child Labor in the Afghan Carpet Sector – A Value Chain Study in Herat and Faryab. Goodweave and Samuel Hall, June 2014, www.samuelhall.org/publications/Goodweave-ties-that-bind-child-labour-in-the-afghan-carpet-sector?rq=child%20labour%20in%20the%20Afghan%20carpet.
• 38
  List of exporters for the selected product in 2021. Product: 57 Carpets and other textile floor coverings. ITC Trade Map, www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct.aspx?nvpm=1%7c%7c%7c%7c%7c57%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1.